See fūlēn on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "befoul"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "befoulen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "foulen"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "fūlian"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "fuulje"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "befûlje"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "*fūlia"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "fulen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "befulen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "bevûlen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "vûlen"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "*fūlōn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "vuilen"
},
{
"lang": "Limburgish",
"lang_code": "li",
"word": "voele"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "vulen"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*fūlon"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "faulen"
},
{
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "foyln",
"word": "פֿױלן"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "vūlen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "faulen"
},
{
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "foyln",
"word": "פֿױלן"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "viulen"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "fūlēn"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*fūl",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/fūl"
],
[
"*-ēn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ēn#Proto-West_Germanic:_stative-fientive"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*fūl",
"3": "*-ēn",
"id2": "stative-fientive",
"t1": "foul"
},
"expansion": "*fūl (“foul”) + *-ēn",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *fūl (“foul”) + *-ēn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?d",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*fūlēn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/fūlēn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ēn (stative-fientive)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to become foul; rot; decay"
],
"id": "en-fūlēn-gmw-pro-verb-aEcXke4U",
"links": [
[
"foul",
"foul"
],
[
"rot",
"rot"
],
[
"decay",
"decay"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) to become foul; rot; decay"
],
"related": [
{
"word": "fūlijan"
}
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "fūlēn"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "befoul"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "befoulen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "foulen"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"word": "fūlian"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Saterland Frisian",
"lang_code": "stq",
"word": "fuulje"
},
{
"lang": "West Frisian",
"lang_code": "fy",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "befûlje"
}
],
"lang": "Old Frisian",
"lang_code": "ofs",
"word": "*fūlia"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "fulen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German Low German",
"lang_code": "nds-de",
"word": "befulen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "bevûlen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"lang_code": "gml",
"word": "vûlen"
}
],
"lang": "Old Saxon",
"lang_code": "osx",
"word": "*fūlōn"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "vuilen"
},
{
"lang": "Limburgish",
"lang_code": "li",
"word": "voele"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "vulen"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*fūlon"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "faulen"
},
{
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "foyln",
"word": "פֿױלן"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "vūlen"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "faulen"
},
{
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "foyln",
"word": "פֿױלן"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "viulen"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "fūlēn"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*fūl",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/fūl"
],
[
"*-ēn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ēn#Proto-West_Germanic:_stative-fientive"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*fūl",
"3": "*-ēn",
"id2": "stative-fientive",
"t1": "foul"
},
"expansion": "*fūl (“foul”) + *-ēn",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *fūl (“foul”) + *-ēn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?dīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fūlēndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fūl?d",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*fūlēn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/fūlēn",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "fūlijan"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic class 3 weak verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic intransitive verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ēn (stative-fientive)",
"Proto-West Germanic verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"to become foul; rot; decay"
],
"links": [
[
"foul",
"foul"
],
[
"rot",
"rot"
],
[
"decay",
"decay"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) to become foul; rot; decay"
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "fūlēn"
}
Download raw JSONL data for fūlēn meaning in All languages combined (5.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-28 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.